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Sourcery · · 28 min

Inside Rocket Lab: How Sir Peter Beck Is Building Neutron’s Engines | Tour 02

Molly O'SheaSir Peter Beck

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TL;DR
  • Rocket Lab's distressed-asset playbook is real and ongoing: Beck bought the former Virgin Orbit facility — "over $100 million worth of assets in that building" — for $16 million while it was in bankruptcy, machines included. He confirms keeping a tracking list of potentially bankrupt space companies and their facilities ("Oh, yeah"; "Yep") but won't name the top target: "That'll get me in trouble." He signals there will be more.
  • Beck's sector critique cuts at both zombie companies and their backers: "space companies are really hard to kill," lingering on serial funding rounds because claims are "really, really hard to corroborate unless you go five layers deep into the rocket equation." His sharpest line on diligence: "sometimes the really big firms that you think are really good at it actually are the worst."
  • Archimedes is deliberately anti-heroic engineering: it is a staged-combustion engine, unlike Rutherford's electric pump cycle, and Beck's goal was "the most boring engine possible." Where Merlin and Raptor are "really strung out" high-performance engines, Archimedes is built for reuse. Qualification is one hour of running and 40 starts, versus a ~5-minute acceptance test for the expendable Rutherford, which only needs to run for 190 seconds in its life.
  • The whole Neutron architecture flows from an "absurd" design requirement — turn the vehicle around in 24 hours — which helped drive methalox over kerosene (no soot in the regen channels) and "a whole lot of really good decisions." The tradeoffs bite both ways: low chamber pressure aids longevity but makes the engine "much harder to light."
  • Additive manufacturing is the cost weapon: most of both engines by mass is 3D-printed, ~10 people run the automated shop, and Beck calls Archimedes "an incredibly cheap engine... just ridiculously so." Next year Rocket Lab becomes the world's first customer of a machine that prints a whole Archimedes — "tall as me" — in one piece.
  • Production and test cadence is industrial, not artisanal: one Archimedes every eight days, one Rutherford per day, 930+ engines have been to space, two Stennis test cells operating 20 hours a day, seven days a week; Electron has flown 93 times, second only to Falcon 9. Staged combustion can't be tested piecewise, so the program is hardware-rich by design: "you literally eat engines."
  • The strategic template: future space giants all look alike — own rocket, own satellite production, own applications — and the Iridium deal (as discussed) is "just the start of our applications layer" because "all the cool kids have got a comms layer." His closing hot take: "the biggest thing to be done in space hasn't even been thought about... it's like we've sent our first email at the beginning of the internet."
Digest · the substance, structured for research

1. The $16M Virgin Orbit steal — and the hunting list behind it

  • Beck calls the engine development center "arguably one of the best deals of my life": the old Virgin Orbit facility held "over $100 million worth of assets," and Rocket Lab bought the whole thing — all the machines included — for $16 million while it was in bankruptcy. They piled into golf carts when the opportunity came up. The payoff: "we never had to worry about a factory for building engines ever again."
  • He keeps a watchlist of potentially bankrupt space companies and the facilities he wants, says there will be more, but refuses to name the top of the list: "That'll get me in trouble."
  • His diagnosis of the sector's zombie-company problem — "space companies are really hard to kill... the number of space companies that should be dead and aren't... is quite incredible" — points partly to space enthusiasts and to the promotional difficulty of verifying claims "unless you go five layers deep into the rocket equation." Asked if investors do that work: "Not really... sometimes the really big firms that you think are really good at it actually are the worst."

2. Additive manufacturing is the cost-and-speed engine

  • Most of both Rutherford and Archimedes by mass is 3D-printed, but the point is design consolidation, not gimmickry — "we're not stupid. We don't 3D-print bolts" — printing multiple parts as one complex architecture, because "at the end of the day, it's all about speed and cost." Roughly 10 people run the entire automated shop, printing Inconel, copper, titanium, and a proprietary alloy developed in-house for Archimedes' environment.
  • The hardware economics as told: a 12-laser powder machine is less than $10 million, while some machines can cost more; the longest print runs about three and a half days; the Archimedes thrust chamber is copper clad with a superalloy. Next year a machine arrives that prints a whole Archimedes engine — "tall as me" — in one print: "we're the first customer of it in the world."
  • The output claim worth underlining: "an Archimedes engine is an incredibly cheap engine. Same with a Rutherford engine. It's just ridiculously so."

3. Archimedes: engineered to be "the most boring engine possible"

  • Reusability inverts the design problem. Archimedes is a staged-combustion engine, while Rutherford uses an electric pump cycle. Expendable Rutherford only needs to run for 190 seconds in its life, so a roughly five-minute acceptance test suffices; Archimedes must do 40 starts and run for one hour in qualification. Beck wants it to "just go and go and go and go" without concern. His analogy: looking at the engine on an airplane wing, "you wanna know that engine is boring, right? It's not gonna blow up."
  • The fuel choice follows from reusability and a deliberately extreme requirement — turn the vehicle around in 24 hours, "an absurd design requirement" that "drove a whole lot of really good decisions." Kerosene leaves soot in the regenerative channels and requires purging; after a methane run the engine is "still shiny stainless steel... just no residue whatsoever."
  • The tradeoff chain, kept intact: relatively low chamber pressure for a staged-combustion engine lowers internal temperatures — good for longevity but "much harder to light." "You create these things that are ultimately good, but you create a whole lot of problems along the way."
  • On rivals' engines — Merlin and Raptor — Beck is candid that everyone studies everyone. Those are "really high-performance engines... really strung out," while Archimedes is designed to be benign and durable; their lessons "probably don't apply to this so much" because Rocket Lab has its own problems.

4. Hardware-rich development and a brutal test cadence

  • The teams have worked on the engine for about three or four years. The initial design was quick, but staged combustion can't be decomposed for testing: the first hot fire needs the turbopump and everything integrated. The program therefore has to be hardware-rich from the start because it consumes a lot of hardware — "you literally eat engines."
  • His favorite war story: an early hot fire leaned out and "consumed the whole injector... there was literally just a big hole left," yet the propellants kept mixing, producing thrust, and the engine kept running. The conclusion: "it's very, very difficult to analyze. You've just got to test."
  • The numbers: the Archimedes line produces one engine every eight days; one Rutherford engine is made and shipped out every day; 930+ engines have been to space; two test cells in Stennis, Mississippi, operate 20 hours a day, seven days a week; and Electron has flown 93 times, second-most frequently launched behind Falcon 9. While describing the Archimedes components, Beck also cites a "plus or minus 15,000 horsepower" figure without clearly assigning it to one component.
  • Neutron carries 10 Archimedes engines — nine on the first stage and one on the upper stage — because the upper-stage thrust "coincidentally is the ideal amount of thrust to land a rocket." "It's just physics."

5. Vertical integration climbs into applications — and the "first email" thesis

  • Every piece of Electron — hardware, software, tanks, engines, and more — is built by Rocket Lab, and Beck names it directly: "that's one of the key successes of the company, is that vertical integration." The same philosophy applies to satellites: the flight computer, reaction wheels, and solar panels are all Rocket Lab's.
  • Responding to O'Shea's mention of the Iridium acquisition, Beck calls Iridium "incredibly strategic" and "just the start of our applications layer" — jokingly, "all the cool kids have got a comms layer." His template for the industry: the big space companies of the future all look alike, with "their own rocket... their own ability to build as many satellites as they need, and they're all going to have applications."
  • Tourism is possible, but Beck says he would not be a very good tour operator, is not sure it is exciting for him or the company, and worries about the CEO's responsibility if something goes wrong: "if anything ever goes bad, guess who's knocking on the door?"
  • The hot take that closes the episode: after 20 years, the industry is well past the government-to-commercial-launch democratization milestone, and "the biggest thing to be done in space hasn't even been thought about, let alone talked about... it's like we've sent our first email at the beginning of the internet."
Full transcript
Sir Peter Beck

That was the old Virgin Orbit facility. There were over $100 million worth of assets in that building, and we managed to buy the whole thing for $16 million.

Molly O'Shea

What?

Sir Peter Beck

This is an Electron. This is the rocket that we fly the most right now. It's flown 93 times, the second-most frequently launched rocket in the world behind the Falcon 9. This line right now can produce 1 engine every 8 days. There are over 930 engines that have been to space. We've got 2 engine test cells, and that runs 20 hours a day, 7 days a week.

Molly O'Shea

Do you keep a tracking list of all the potentially bankrupt space companies—

Sir Peter Beck

Oh, yeah.

Molly O'Shea

—and which facilities you want to buy?

Sir Peter Beck

Yep.

Molly O'Shea

Who's at the top of the list?

Sir Peter Beck

Oh, no, I'm not saying that. That'll get me in trouble.

Molly O'Shea

All right. So now we're riding over to the engine propulsion lab.

Sir Peter Beck

Engine development center, technically. EDC, yep.

Molly O'Shea

Okay. Technically, engine development center.

Sir Peter Beck

Yeah.

1. The Virgin Orbit Bargain

Molly O'Shea

How long did it take you guys to build out this entire facility, and are you going to be buying more buildings here?

Sir Peter Beck

Oh, I hate buying real estate.

Molly O'Shea

Really?

Sir Peter Beck

It's my pet peeve, because there's just so much of it, and it's just a cost. This building we kind of stood up fresh. Where we're taking you, EDC, was arguably one of the best deals of my life, because that was the old Virgin Orbit facility. There were over $100 million worth of assets in that building, and we managed to buy the whole thing for $16 million.

Molly O'Shea

What?

Sir Peter Beck

Yeah, I know. It was the—

Molly O'Shea

Wow.

Sir Peter Beck

—fantastic contribution from Sir Richard Branson to the space industry.

Molly O'Shea

One sir to another sir. Wow. So what was the process like for flipping that over?

Sir Peter Beck

Well, it happened really, really fast.

Molly O'Shea

Yeah.

Sir Peter Beck

They were in bankruptcy, and we saw it come up. We all just piled into golf carts like this, hanging off the back, and nipped down there and made it happen.

Molly O'Shea

And you got to take all of the equipment inside?

Sir Peter Beck

Oh, yeah, all the machines—

Molly O'Shea

Really?

Sir Peter Beck

—everything, yeah. The whole lot.

Molly O'Shea

That's pretty convenient.

Sir Peter Beck

Oh, yeah, it was great. We never had to worry about a factory for building engines ever again. We're totally sorted.

Molly O'Shea

Do you keep a tracking list of all the potentially bankrupt space companies—

Sir Peter Beck

Oh, yeah.

Molly O'Shea

—and which facilities you want to buy?

Sir Peter Beck

Yep.

Molly O'Shea

Who's at the top of the list?

Sir Peter Beck

Oh, no, I'm not saying that. That'll get me in trouble.

Molly O'Shea

I'm assuming there's going to be more.

Sir Peter Beck

Oh, there is. There is.

Molly O'Shea

There's going to be a bunch more.

2. Space Companies Refuse To Die

Sir Peter Beck

The funny thing is that space companies are really hard to kill.

Molly O'Shea

Yeah.

Sir Peter Beck

The number of space companies that should be dead and aren't—the sort of zombie companies—is quite incredible. It's not like other industries where, you know, you go to die, you just die. Space companies tend to linger for quite some time.

Molly O'Shea

Why is that?

Sir Peter Beck

I don't know. They just seem to—

Molly O'Shea

How do they continually get funding?

Sir Peter Beck

Yeah, they just… It's a great question. I can't—

Molly O'Shea

People just love space so much?

Sir Peter Beck

Yeah, I think so, and there are always enthusiasts. The thing about space is that it's awesome that somebody can be really, really forward-leaning and promotional, and everyone gets excited. But the downside to space is exactly the same thing: it's really difficult to understand and comprehend. People can stand up and make these claims, and it's really, really hard to corroborate unless you go 5 layers deep into the rocket equation.

Molly O'Shea

Right.

Sir Peter Beck

So.

Molly O'Shea

Who has been the best at that kind of diligence and research that you've found?

Sir Peter Beck

Hmm. There are investors.

Molly O'Shea

Are investors actually good at doing that?

Sir Peter Beck

Not really. Not really. You see so many companies that are just objectively terrible, and they just continue to get funding. There's just new investor after new investor after new investor. Sometimes, the really big firms that you think are really good at it are actually the worst.

Molly O'Shea

Damn. So we're right next to the airport. Do you fly your helicopter over here?

Sir Peter Beck

No, no.

Molly O'Shea

No?

Sir Peter Beck

No. No, that's purely a New Zealand activity.

Molly O'Shea

All right. We're now going to see the engine development center.

Sir Peter Beck

Exactly right.

Molly O'Shea

How did you guys structure this facility? You have all these different units. What are we going to see?

3. Rocket Lab Prints Its Engines

Sir Peter Beck

So there's a whole big machine shop in here. There's probably one of the largest 3D-printing shops you're going to see. One of the things that we pioneered early on with Electron was our 3D printing of engines.

Molly O'Shea

You can talk closer.

Sir Peter Beck

Sorry. It was our 3D printing of engines. Most of the Rutherford engine is 3D-printed, and most of the Archimedes engine is 3D-printed. You should see some cool stuff.

Molly O'Shea

How many times do you do this tour? Do you typically take the Space Force on this tour?

Sir Peter Beck

Oh, not that often. Oh, yeah, yeah, but I try and outsource that as much as possible, I think. Far useful for other things.

Molly O'Shea

What are we going to start with?

Sir Peter Beck

We're going to go in here.

Molly O'Shea

Okay.

Sir Peter Beck

We're going to go into additive manufacturing.

Molly O'Shea

Oh, my God.

Sir Peter Beck

These are all 3D printers, so additive manufacturing. At least by mass, the vast majority of all of our engines are 3D-printed. We have some really, really unique processes in here as well. Have a look at this one here. That's a thrust chamber for Archimedes, and that's getting clad. That's actually copper, and then we clad it with a superalloy over the top.

We use 3D printing because we're able to incorporate a whole bunch of geometry into one kind of design. We're not stupid. We don't 3D-print bolts and all that sort of stuff. But we really become very good at designing these really complex architectures that, if you can get away with it in your 3D print, allow you to print multiple parts all in one part. At the end of the day, it's all about speed and cost.

Molly O'Shea

Yeah.

Sir Peter Beck

An Archimedes engine is an incredibly cheap engine. Same with a Rutherford engine. It's just ridiculously so. So we're building engines fast, building engines cheaply, but at high performance. There are probably about 10 people who run this whole shop, so it's all automated.

Molly O'Shea

Wow.

Sir Peter Beck

There are a variety of machines and a variety of materials. We print Inconel superalloys, copper, titanium—basically any material you can imagine, including our own material that we developed specially for the Archimedes engine. There's a whole lab back there with materials scientists developing new materials for that particular engine and environment.

Molly O'Shea

What are the biggest differences, obviously there are some, between Archimedes and Rutherford?

Sir Peter Beck

The Rutherford is an electric pump cycle, whereas Archimedes is a staged-combustion cycle. The scale of the engines is enormously different. We'll go and have a look at some. It's a much more complicated cycle and a much, much larger engine.

Molly O'Shea

And different fuel type?

Sir Peter Beck

Different fuel types.

Molly O'Shea

Okay.

Sir Peter Beck

But in saying that, a lot of the ethos of how you do it has remained the same. How we do injectors and how we combine multiple parts into an engine all remains the same.

Molly O'Shea

What's your favorite part?

Sir Peter Beck

The favorite part of any engine builder is the injector, because that's where the magic happens—the black magic happens. Everything else is to contain that mixing and produce thrust. But the injector and the turbopump, those are the 2 bits that are pretty cool.

Molly O'Shea

Do you go out there? Where do you test these?

Sir Peter Beck

We have an engine test facility in Stennis, Mississippi.

Molly O'Shea

Okay.

Sir Peter Beck

We've got 2 engine test cells out there—

Molly O'Shea

That's pretty far from here.

Sir Peter Beck

Yeah, but we're spread literally right across the world. No, this feels very close. In Mississippi, we've got 2 engine test cells, and that runs 20 hours a day, 7 days a week. It's just firing engines all the time. Down in New Zealand, we have an engine test cell for the Rutherford. We produce 1 Rutherford engine every day to support that program.

Molly O'Shea

Wow. That's wild.

Sir Peter Beck

Yeah.

Molly O'Shea

The machines are getting smaller, and then they're getting bigger.

Sir Peter Beck

Yeah. Well, there's actually a really, really big machine that's going to turn up next year, which will be the largest.

Molly O'Shea

What is it?

Sir Peter Beck

It can basically do a whole Archimedes engine in 1 print.

Molly O'Shea

Really?

Sir Peter Beck

It's as tall as me, yeah.

Molly O'Shea

Who makes it?

Sir Peter Beck

These guys make it.

Molly O'Shea

Okay.

Sir Peter Beck

The same people, yeah. But we're the first customer of it in the world. We should go and have a look. I'll just check this one's running first. Yep.

Molly O'Shea

So what are we looking at here?

Sir Peter Beck

So this is a laser powder machine, so there are 12 lasers in there. We're basically sintering the metal together to make a part. The technology has been around for quite a while, but the speed and complexity of the parts that we make here are pretty crazy.

Molly O'Shea

How expensive is this?

Sir Peter Beck

They’re not cheap machines.

Molly O'Shea

It’s like a couple million?

Sir Peter Beck

Oh, yeah, no—

Molly O'Shea

Tens?

Sir Peter Beck

Yeah.

Molly O'Shea

Hundred?

Sir Peter Beck

No, not 100.

Molly O'Shea

No?

Sir Peter Beck

No. I mean, for these big machines, it’s less than 10 million, but for some machines, it can be more.

Molly O'Shea

Do you have a favorite machine?

Sir Peter Beck

They’re all my favorite machines. I never choose one. That’ll be the one that gives you grief. They’re mesmerizing. You can literally stand there for hours if you’re not careful.

Molly O'Shea

Get a live cam on this.

Sir Peter Beck

Yeah, you get no work done.

Molly O'Shea

So how long does it take from powder to engine?

Sir Peter Beck

It depends on the size of the part. I think our longest print is around 3.5 days.

Molly O'Shea

Okay.

Sir Peter Beck

Somewhere around there.

Molly O'Shea

Yeah.

Sir Peter Beck

Yep.

Molly O'Shea

For people who don’t know, what is the biggest difference between your engines and the other engines that are on the market?

Sir Peter Beck

Our engines are very much designed for the Neutron vehicle. It is a reusable launch vehicle at its heart. So what that means is our approach to engine design is slightly different from an expendable engine, because an expendable engine needs to run for 190 seconds on the first stage, say, and then it never needs to run again. Whereas a reusable vehicle, especially the way we’re doing it, we want it to just run and run and run and run.

The qualification burn time for an Archimedes engine is 1 hour. The engine has to do 40 starts and run for 1 hour. Whereas Rutherford for Electron, because it’s a single-use engine, its qualification, or its acceptance test, is about 5 minutes.

Molly O'Shea

Wow.

Sir Peter Beck

It only needs to run for 190 seconds in its life, so a 5-minute run is pretty much enough.

Molly O'Shea

What is the biggest engineering difference that you had to make?

Sir Peter Beck

It’s just designing it for that longevity. I’m not going to say it’s relatively easy to make an engine run for a short period of time. It’s still difficult, especially with a staged-combustion engine, but it’s just way harder to make a staged-combustion engine run for 1 hour and not even worry about it running for 1 hour.

Molly O'Shea

Yeah. I was talking to someone else, but I was so excited that when we started doing these interviews and these tours, they took off, and we ended up on the fun side of this new reindustrialization and renaissance.

Sir Peter Beck

No, well, I really enjoy your work. I think it’s fantastic.

Molly O'Shea

Thank you.

Sir Peter Beck

I think a lot of people these days are just always focusing on the doom and gloom of the world. Having great stories where people are doing great things is super great to watch.

Molly O'Shea

Look, it’s really cool because we’re educating both investors, but then literally so many people are just excited about this stuff right now because they’ve never seen it before. There’s just been more and more media that’s picked up, and then, coming from the new-media angle, doing it all on X and then sharing it on Instagram and YouTube, it’s been super fun. Okay, so we were just looking at all the big, huge machines.

Sir Peter Beck

Yep. Additive manufacturing, yep.

Molly O'Shea

Additive manufacturing. Now we’re walking up on something that is also very large that will probably go into space.

Sir Peter Beck

Yes. Before we go over to have a look at the Archimedes engines, no tour would be complete without an Electron rocket, so I figure you have to at least have a look at that.

Molly O'Shea

I was really curious about this because you guys have really great naming systems.

Sir Peter Beck

Yeah.

Molly O'Shea

But they’re all very different and unique. So how did you come up with the Hungry Hippo?

Sir Peter Beck

It just looked like a hungry hippo. Didn’t you play Hungry Hungry Hippos as a kid?

Molly O'Shea

No.

Sir Peter Beck

Right.

Molly O'Shea

When are you going to develop your own game?

Sir Peter Beck

Oh, I don’t have the time for that. There’s barely time to develop a rocket, let alone a game. Yeah.

Molly O'Shea

We could outsource that.

Sir Peter Beck

Yeah, we could. Well, we like to have fun with the mission names as well, because it’s such a serious business. All of our rockets’ mission names are always something a little bit funny, just to lighten it up a little bit.

Molly O'Shea

Mm-hmm.

Sir Peter Beck

So for people who have never seen this before, could you walk through the entire rocket?

4. Rocket Lab Builds Everything

Sir Peter Beck

So this is an Electron. This is the rocket that we fly the most right now. It’s flown 93 times. It’s the second-most frequently launched rocket in the world, behind the Falcon 9. The bit up at the front is the fairing; that’s where the payload goes. Then this little bit behind that is the kick stage.

This is the second stage of the vehicle, and this down here is the first stage. In traditional Rocket Lab fashion, it’s all carbon composite. The whole rocket is incredibly light. We’re very good at those super-lightweight structures.

Molly O'Shea

Mm-hmm.

Sir Peter Beck

This is the hot bit, so this is where all the engines are, down at the end. These are the Rutherford rocket engines. They’re all gimbaled individually. We build everything in this vehicle: every piece of hardware, every piece of software, tanks, engines, you name it. I think that’s one of the key successes of the company: that vertical integration.

Molly O'Shea

Yeah. And now you’re expanding outward and building out space systems.

Sir Peter Beck

Yep. Yeah, and we do the same with that. If you pull apart a satellite that we’ve built, the flight computer will be ours, the reaction wheels will be ours, and all the solar panels will be ours. It’s the same philosophy, yeah.

Molly O'Shea

What else are you going to start to add on? You just acquired Iridium.

Sir Peter Beck

Not much left. Yeah.

Molly O'Shea

There’s a lot to go.

Sir Peter Beck

Well, yeah. There are components that we’ll add down here.

Molly O'Shea

Oh, okay.

Sir Peter Beck

Yeah. Iridium is just the start of our applications layer.

Molly O'Shea

Mm-hmm.

Sir Peter Beck

All the cool kids have got a comms layer, so we need to have one of those too. But no, seriously, Iridium was incredibly strategic for us to enter into that applications layer. I’ve always believed that the big space companies of the future are all going to look a little bit the same. They’re going to have their own rocket because access to space is key. They’re going to have their own ability to build as many satellites as they need, and they’re all going to have applications.

Molly O'Shea

What about tourism? Are you going to do that?

Sir Peter Beck

We could do tourism. I don’t think I’d be a very good tour operator, if I’m honest. But better engineer than tour operator.

Molly O'Shea

When you say that you're a very serious engineer—they're serious engineers as well—but how do you take on the tourism bit of it?

Sir Peter Beck

Yeah—

Molly O'Shea

How serious is that?

Sir Peter Beck

Well, I think there will be commercial space stations, and there will be tourists to go to them and all the rest of it. I guess, for me personally, I'm just not sure that's that exciting for me and for the company. I think it's always a tricky business.

Unfortunately, I'm the CEO, so if anything ever goes bad, guess who's knocking on the door? I don't know if I want to have that kind of level of responsibility. While we're here, we can talk a little bit about what you've been walking up—the Archimedes production line.

This line right now can produce 1 engine every 8 days. There are a couple of elements here. This is the thrust chamber of the Archimedes, and this here is the turbopump. All the raw propellants come in here. This is plus or minus 15,000 horsepower, if you're a metric—if you're an old-school horsepower guy.

These 2 things together really make up the Archimedes engine.

Molly O'Shea

And you're using methane for this one?

Sir Peter Beck

Methane and oxygen, yep. Or methalox, yep.

Molly O'Shea

You're using kerosene for the—

Sir Peter Beck

For the Rutherford. It's a kerosene vehicle.

Molly O'Shea

Okay.

Why the difference in the fuel type?

Sir Peter Beck

Reusability.

Molly O'Shea

Okay.

Sir Peter Beck

The trouble with kerosene is that you get these little soot deposits in the regenerative channels of the engine, and you have to purge the engine out. It's sort of dirty.

The design requirement for the vehicle was a turnaround in 24 hours, which was an absurd design requirement. But it drove a whole lot of really good decisions, one of them being methane, because you can run an engine and, after the engine's run, it's still shiny stainless steel and there's just no residue whatsoever.

You do the same with a kerosene engine, and there's just soot and black crap everywhere. It's just not fun. Every decision around the whole vehicle is designed around reusability and quick turnaround cadence.

Molly O'Shea

What has been the biggest challenge? Because I could imagine doing this, you're going to constantly meet new challenges along the way. What has been the biggest challenge in making it reusable?

Sir Peter Beck

The reusability in itself is a challenge, because if our job was just to make an expendable launch vehicle, we'd be there now.

Molly O'Shea

Yeah.

Sir Peter Beck

We'd be launching Neutrons flat out. But what we're trying to do here is make a step-change increment on the current state of the art. We can't just come to market with a vehicle that's as good as the current one on the market. We have to come to market with a vehicle that's way better.

Designing a vehicle that literally comes off the barge and goes straight on the pad and launches again is what we're trying to achieve here. That drives a whole bunch of engineering compromises and a whole bunch of engineering decisions. That in itself has been very, very, very difficult.

If you look at the Archimedes engine itself, the object of that engine was to make the most boring engine possible. If you're sitting on an airplane and you look out at the engine on your wing, you're not marveling at how amazing that is or how close to the knife edge that engine is. You want to know that engine is boring, right? It's not going to blow up.

Molly O'Shea

Mm.

Sir Peter Beck

Same thing for this. The Archimedes engine needs to just go and go and go and go. That actually pushes you into quite different design envelopes, which in itself creates challenges.

The chamber pressure is relatively low for a staged-combustion engine, which means the internal temperatures are low. You'd think, “Oh, that's good for longevity,” which it really is, but actually it makes it much harder to light because the temperatures are way lower.

You create these things that are ultimately good, but you create a whole lot of problems along the way to try and make something good.

Molly O'Shea

How often do you look around at the market and see the different engines that are being built, whether it's Merlin, whether it's Raptor, or other companies' engines, and try to gauge whether or not you should take some components of another one, use them, or test them against?

Sir Peter Beck

Everybody looks at everybody else's work. It would be disingenuous to say that we don't look at other people's engines, failures, and successes and learn from them as well.

But our path is probably pretty different from any other path. The engines you mentioned are really high-performance engines, and they're really strung out, which is great. This, I would say, is the first engine that's just not designed to be like that. It's designed to be the most benign engine that you could possibly imagine, so that you can just run and run and run and run and never even think about it.

A lot of the lessons in some of those other products probably don't apply to this so much, because we've got our own set of unique problems.

Speaker 2

Anything else we should see while we're here?

Sir Peter Beck

There's another engine up here we can look at. This is a vacuum engine with a turbopump on the side of it, so you get more of a picture of the actual module itself.

Molly O'Shea

Pretty.

Sir Peter Beck

Yep.

Molly O'Shea

How long did it take to design this?

Sir Peter Beck

About 3 or 4 years—the teams have been working on the engine. The initial design is quick, but the challenge with a staged-combustion engine is you can't separate components, test them individually, and then bring them together.

The first time you hot-fire an engine, you have to have the turbopump and everything on it as 1 thing. You have to be extremely hardware-rich at the start of your program, because you consume a lot of hardware. You literally eat engines up.

There was 1 hot fire that we did very early on in the test program. The engine leaned out, and it actually consumed the whole injector, which was bizarre, because there was literally just a big hole left. There was nothing left in the injector. The propellants were still coming together and mixing and producing thrust, and the engine was still running—not just fine, but still running.

It's one of those things where it's very, very difficult to analyze. You've just got to test. You've just got to spend heaps of time on the engine test cell. That's why we have 2 test cells, like I said before, running 20 hours a day, 7 days a week.

The other end of the scale is the Rutherford engine. These are the engines that go on the back of the Electron rocket. There's 1 engine made and shipped out every day.

There are over 930 engines that have been to space.

Molly O'Shea

How many do you put on Electron?

Sir Peter Beck

There are 10.

Molly O'Shea

How many—10?

Sir Peter Beck

10.

Molly O'Shea

And then how many Archimedes are you going to put on?

Sir Peter Beck

There are 10.

Molly O'Shea

10?

Sir Peter Beck

Yeah. Yep. The reason for that on Neutron is the upper-stage engine produces a certain amount of thrust, and you have to manage that thrust for the acceleration of the upper stage.

Molly O'Shea

Mm.

Sir Peter Beck

It just so happens that, coincidentally, it’s the ideal amount of thrust to land a rocket. You need at least 1 engine to do that final terminal landing phase. It just makes sense to have 1 engine and have 9 of them on the bottom and 1 on the top. That’s just physics. It just works out like that.

Molly O'Shea

Yeah. So I have to ask you a very difficult question.

Sir Peter Beck

Mm-hmm.

Molly O'Shea

I know you’re already nervous for this.

Sir Peter Beck

Mm.

Molly O'Shea

But what is your hottest take right now?

5. Space Has Barely Begun

Sir Peter Beck

Hottest take right now. I think we’re in a really, really interesting time within the space industry. I’ve been doing this for 20 years, and at the start of that, it was like, one day there’ll be the democratization of space, and it won’t be governments launching rockets; it’ll be commercial entities. We’re well past that.

I think my hot take would be that the biggest thing to be done in space hasn’t even been thought about, let alone talked about. I think we’re at the very, very beginning of the whole process. If you want to make an analogy here, it’s like we’ve sent our first email at the beginning of the internet.

Molly O'Shea

Damn.

Sir Peter Beck

Was that hot enough for you?

Molly O'Shea

That’s a pretty good line.

Sir Peter Beck

Okay.

Molly O'Shea

Well, amazing. Thank you so much, Peter. We walked through the HQ. We walked through this facility. We saw all the engines and the machines that build them. Thank you so much.

Sir Peter Beck

Oh, my pleasure. Yeah, it’s great to have you.