# Illia Polosukhin On The Future Of AI, Crypto, And How Near Is Going To Win 1000x · 2026-10-30 · 50 min · https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPIJIIyDJMA ## Transcript Illia Polosukhin There’s no guarantee they’ll respond with a real model response. They can use a smaller model. Avi Felman Okay. Illia Polosukhin They can use a quantized model, or they can just insert completely fake output. Avi Felman Hmm. Illia Polosukhin For example, they can run an arbitrary Bash command, and that command can infect your machine— Avi Felman Hmm. Illia Polosukhin —with a virus, and— Avi Felman Okay. Illia Polosukhin —steals all your private keys, for example. Avi Felman Right. That wouldn’t be great, but you’d assume OpenAI would have safeguards against that. Illia Polosukhin But it’s not on OpenAI’s side. This is on your agent’s side. Avi Felman Okay. Understood. Illia Polosukhin So if you’re running, let’s say, Hermes, and you point it at an API endpoint, you have no idea what’s running behind it, right? Avi Felman I see where you’re going. Illia Polosukhin This is where the verifiability of blockchain technology is very useful. You want to know exactly what’s running there. Avi Felman Guys, we have such a special guest here today. We have the founder of NEAR, Illia, with us at TOKEN2049, and we’re about to dive in and talk about everything you need to know about him: his past, his present, his future, and what NEAR can do for you and for us. Thank you for joining us. Illia Polosukhin Yeah. Let’s go. Avi Felman So, take us back to the start. You were born in Ukraine. You’re sort of a math genius, as far as I can tell. Take us through your early days. Were you always interested in this area? Talk to me about your high school and college. Illia Polosukhin There are a few things that were pretty formative for me. One is Ukraine, the former USSR. My grandparents spent most of their working years in the USSR, and one thing I distinctly remember is that they had this savings book from Sberbank, the USSR’s main savings bank. They had some savings there that, effectively, when the USSR disappeared, weren’t worth the paper they were printed on. Avi Felman Wow. Illia Polosukhin All the savings just disappeared when the countries split. When Ukraine separated, it actually had a different currency from the one it has now, and what happened was complete hyperinflation. I remember going to buy bread, and over the span of a year, I think the price went up 100 times. Avi Felman Wow. So you actually waited in Soviet bread lines? Illia Polosukhin This was already Ukraine. Avi Felman This was post-Soviet. Okay. Illia Polosukhin This was Ukraine, yeah. Illia Polosukhin It wasn’t a bread line; capitalism had already started working. Avi Felman Yeah. Illia Polosukhin The currency didn’t work yet, right? Avi Felman Okay, fair enough. Illia Polosukhin The country just printed the currency. Avi Felman Yeah. Illia Polosukhin Effectively, it hyperinflated. Avi Felman Oh, God. Illia Polosukhin It cost 1,000, 10,000, 100,000 for a loaf of bread. Those are fundamental memories for me of needing a store of value and decentralized money overall. I also remember watching A.I. Artificial Intelligence when it had just come out. The movie itself is kind of separate, but the concept gave me an understanding of the idea. I read a lot of science fiction, like Asimov and Heinlein, and I always thought artificial intelligence was how we would solve the world’s problems. Avi Felman And what year was this? Illia Polosukhin This was around 2000. Avi Felman Wow. So this is— Illia Polosukhin The movie came out— Avi Felman —very early, before anything. Illia Polosukhin Yeah, I was 10 years old. Avi Felman Right. Avi Felman Right. Illia Polosukhin When I was 14, I was participating in competitive programming, and a lot of what you do is practice. You solve a lot of problems. I thought, “Why am I doing this? A machine should write this code.” I really believed, from when I was 14, that we were going to automate coding with AI. I started trying to build my first neural networks in high school. My math wasn’t there yet to do that really well, but I went to college to study applied math and learn more about machine learning. I also started working in my first year for a machine learning company, remotely. Their main office was in San Diego. Avi Felman What did a machine learning company even look like back then? What types of things were being worked on? Illia Polosukhin The things we were working on were pre-neural networks, so decision trees. The main clients were banks and insurance companies, so it was credit scoring and different kinds of risk, including life insurance—predicting people’s average life span. We had all kinds of fun projects. One was with an oil company that gave us drilling data from a field, and we needed to find oil. Avi Felman And you can do that with— Illia Polosukhin There’s underlying data about the soil and— Avi Felman Right. Illia Polosukhin —its penetration. You build a model that can explain that from the data— Avi Felman Are these not just— Illia Polosukhin From the drilling data. Avi Felman —like, simple linear regressions at the— Illia Polosukhin No, this is— Avi Felman Or is this more complex? Illia Polosukhin This was gradient-boosted decision trees. Avi Felman Okay. Illia Polosukhin There are thousands of decision trees. A decision tree is like: if this feature’s value is 5, or if this feature is above a certain value. For credit scoring, if the income is above $100,000, you’re more likely to return the money, and so on. There are all these features. You can build these trees pretty deep, and they can explain a lot of things. Then you build a lot of them, too, so it was pretty sophisticated machinery. The company I worked for was one of the first to do decision trees, period, in the ’80s. Avi Felman Wow. Illia Polosukhin That company was from 1970. Anyway, that was my first experience. Then, when Google published the paper—I forgot the name, but it was effectively the cat neuron—the model was shown a bunch of internet pictures. It needed to compress information and uncompress it, and it learned that there was a thing called a cat without ever being told that. Avi Felman Right. Illia Polosukhin That was a paper from 2012 or 2013, by Jeff Dean and Andrew Ng. It was literally the first time that, at pretty large scale, they were able to do unsupervised learning, which is what everybody’s doing. Avi Felman What was really the key to unlocking that? What was the advancement that was made? Illia Polosukhin The advancement was the work of Geoffrey Hinton and Yann LeCun. They effectively got multilayer neural networks to work with backpropagation—the training started to work. All of these things were known before; they just didn’t work. It was a combination of the math being worked out right and the compute being there. That’s generally been the story. If you look over the past 30 years, it’s effectively the same ideas people thought about before starting to work when the compute catches up. That was the first time. That specific paper was trained across, I think, 600 machines, which was a lot at the time. Now it’s like, “Eh, 600 machines? What is that?” Avi Felman Yeah. Illia Polosukhin Back then, it was a really big model. Avi Felman Right. Illia Polosukhin This was the first result of actual unsupervised learning, and I thought, “I want to do that, but on language.” There are thousands of species in the world that can see and understand images. Flies can see, so clearly that’s not a measure of intelligence. The way we measure intelligence in people is by asking questions, right? Avi Felman Right. Illia Polosukhin What you’re doing right now. Avi Felman Mm-hmm. Illia Polosukhin So let’s just do that. I joined Google specifically to work on question answering and understanding language using deep learning. The idea was that deep learning would be the way, and natural-language question understanding would be the direction. Google was a great place because there’s lots of natural language. They index the whole internet, and people are asking questions all the time, so there’s a direct product. Illia Polosukhin As part of this, we were building interesting models already back then, but they were all too slow. The concept was called a recurrent neural network. Humans read one word at a time, but that’s too slow. If you ask Google a question, you don’t want it to read for 10 minutes before answering. Avi Felman Right. Illia Polosukhin So the problem was— Avi Felman Is that also a compute issue, or is that— Illia Polosukhin It was a— Avi Felman —a model issue? Illia Polosukhin It was a problem with the algorithm, right? It would read one word at a time. If you give it 10 pages of Wikipedia, it would need to read one word at a time, and that would take some time. Our first approximation was, “Let’s just take every paragraph, sum all the words in it, and answer from that.” It kind of worked, and— Avi Felman How do you sum a word? Illia Polosukhin Every word gets projected into a multidimensional space, so it becomes a vector. Every word gets replaced by a vector, and then you can sum all the vectors. You get an average of the meaning of all the words. Avi Felman And it doesn’t strip out the meaning of— Illia Polosukhin If you train it properly, you can get some results. Avi Felman Okay. Illia Polosukhin That was actually the first question-answering model in Google.com. When you asked questions, it was already showing some answers back in 2015 or 2016. It was a very simple model, but it was very fast. The idea behind the Transformer was to take that a step further. The reason it’s fast is that all of this can be done in parallel. You project every word into a vector in parallel, sum them up, get the answer, and score it. The idea with the Transformer is: What if we do that, but use a more sophisticated way of extracting meaning, and do it multiple times? We take every word and look at them in parallel. We use an attention mechanism, which effectively looks at every other word for each word and tries to make sense of it. If you do it once, you link words pairwise. You can see how every word is related to every other word, but you don’t get multiple levels of inference or conclusions. If you do this process multiple times, each layer of the Transformer transforms the meaning of the original sentence into an answer to the question. Very simply, take “The cat sat on a wall.” “Cat” and “wall” don’t connect in one link, but “cat” and “sat” do: the cat is sitting somewhere. Then the next layer can link “cat sat,” as one concept, to “wall,” and now you have “The cat sat on a wall.” You need 2 steps to make sense of that interaction. Now, every token in a reasoning model is one more step of interaction it can make, and one more step of thinking it can do. Back then, we didn’t have that. But the idea was that, compared to a recurrent model, where you read one word at a time and try to make sense of things in order, here you can massively parallelize the process. You can use GPUs, which have thousands of cores, to process everything in parallel. Now you can train and answer questions extremely quickly. I use an example from the movie Arrival to explain this— Avi Felman It’s actually one of my favorite movies of all time, and it has one of the best soundtracks of all time. There’s a song called “On the Nature of Daylight” by Max Richter that’s amazing. But anyway, sorry. Total tangent. Illia Polosukhin Spoiler alert if you haven’t watched it: the aliens project their communication as one continuous message. The idea is that there’s effectively no beginning or end; it’s all encoded in one thing. You can think of Transformers as being kind of like that. They don’t really read the beginning or end of a sentence. They read the whole thing in parallel, at the same time. Avi Felman I understand. This might be a very stupid question, but with the Transformer itself, you talked about the relationship between “cat,” “sat,” and “wall.” Let’s say that relationship is established. Is it saved somewhere and then referenced in the future in these models? Or is it always reasoning from first principles, and it’s just good at doing that reasoning, so it can do it quickly? Illia Polosukhin That’s a great question, and this is what’s called the KV cache. Avi Felman Okay. Illia Polosukhin As this processing is being done, so-called key-value storage is being created in the model. For a key, let’s say “cat,” it will store that the cat sat on a wall as a concept. Whenever you ask a question later, like, “Where is the cat?” it will look up “cat” as a key— Avi Felman Right. Illia Polosukhin —and find that it sat on a wall, and answer that. That’s why there’s this concept of a KV cache. If you have the KV cache stored as you’re processing, it’s cheap to retrieve it. If you don’t have it stored, you need to recalculate all of this again. Avi Felman Right, that makes sense. And so this paper was foundational, but for what purpose? To what end? What sprung out of this? Illia Polosukhin What sprung out of it is that it solved a couple of conceptual problems that existed in deep learning, especially for language. One was that recurrence was really hard to train before. If you had models that read one word at a time and you gave them hundreds of pages to read, they’d kind of forget everything from the beginning by the end. Avi Felman Right. Illia Polosukhin So you solved the problem of forgetting things, and you solved the problem of training performance as well. It was slow to train because if a document was long, it needed to read one word at a time. Your utilization of accelerators, GPUs or otherwise, was also very low, because you only did one step at a time. Here, you could leverage as many GPU cores as possible to process in parallel. That solved the idea that we could throw more compute at it and train bigger models on more data. We could also train it to read more and more things and think through longer contexts. Another area: Ilya Sutskever at OpenAI effectively said, “Let’s scale the hell out of this.” Avi Felman Yeah. Illia Polosukhin That’s where they got GPT-1 and GPT-2: bigger and bigger models that started to show more and more reasoning capabilities. Then we got ChatGPT. In parallel, from a research perspective, the same model architecture worked on images, sound, video, and everything else. It actually worked really well in effectively every domain and started becoming standard for a lot of models. A lot of machine learning became just using that. Avi Felman Honestly, I could talk about this forever. This is very interesting to me, and I’ve never really dug into the models like this before. But I do want to talk about how you came to found NEAR. You were super deep in this world of AI, writing this incredible paper, and contributing to the foundation of what is now a massive industry. But at some point, you decide, “Okay, I’m done with this, and I want to go into the world of blockchain and build a highly performant blockchain,” or however you would describe NEAR. We can get into that. Illia Polosukhin The story was the following: I was already planning to leave Google when I was working on the Transformer. When I left, my co-founder Alex and I always had this idea, as I said, that computers should write code. Avi Felman Mm-hmm. Illia Polosukhin Even in 2017, the vision was: Look, if computers write code, it effectively flattens the whole computing space. We don’t need hundreds of applications. We don’t need SaaS or all of these things. We’ll just tell the computer what we want, and it’ll do it. In 2017, this sounded ridiculous. People were like, “You’re crazy.” But we raised a little bit of money and started building this, and we had some initial results. We used Transformers and trained them on GitHub. Avi Felman Mm-hmm. Illia Polosukhin We effectively did all the same things, but we had very little compute power, so our models weren’t that big. What we tried to do was collect a lot more training data. Illia Polosukhin We had students, computer science students in Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, and China, who would do small tasks: write some code for a description, write comments for the code, explain it. We had trouble paying them. Chinese students didn’t have bank accounts; they used WeChat Pay. In Eastern Europe, every country had a separate system. PayPal didn’t work there, Payoneer didn’t work there, and Wise didn’t work there. Southeast Asia was the same. So we stumbled on crypto as a way to pay people. We asked, “What’s the easiest way to pay people globally?” Crypto was supposed to be that: a global payment network. But this was 2018. CryptoKitties had happened, and Bitcoin prices had been high for a moment. In reality, none of it worked. The transaction fees were higher than what we were paying people. We thought, “Okay, there’s clearly an opportunity here.” With AI, compute wasn’t there yet. The GPUs literally weren’t there yet to scale what we needed. So we thought, “Okay, we’re going to go build the blockchain quickly. It’ll take 6 months. That’s pretty easy. Then we’ll come back to AI.” Avi Felman Six months? Illia Polosukhin Yeah. Avi Felman Really? Illia Polosukhin Our original pitch was, “We’re going to start in August and ship it by January.” Avi Felman Who exactly were you pitching on this? Illia Polosukhin We raised some more capital from Naval Ravikant, MetaStable, Accomplice, and a few more investors. Obviously, the team as well—we brought in more engineers to work on this. The idea was that we should have a blockchain that’s easy to use, consumer-friendly, and where transaction prices don’t go up when more people use it. Avi Felman That’s an important one. Illia Polosukhin Yeah. It should be cheap to use because we wanted it for microtransactions. Those were the inputs. The output was that it needed to be sharded, account-abstracted, and built on WebAssembly, so you could write in any programming language you wanted and it would just run. Avi Felman Mm-hmm. Illia Polosukhin That’s what gave us the initial starting point for NEAR. We were a little too optimistic about how long it would take to build. Avi Felman How long did it end up taking? Illia Polosukhin We launched in October 2020. Avi Felman Okay. Illia Polosukhin A little over 2 years. Avi Felman What were the hardest problems to solve? Illia Polosukhin There were 2 conceptual problems. One was sharding. We had some ideas about how to do it, but when we started implementing it, there were a lot of complications around how to route data and make sure there was data availability. Alex had built a sharded database company before. He was engineer number 1 at SingleStore, which is used by Fortune 500 companies. I’d built distributed systems at Google, but we hadn’t built permissionless distributed systems. We didn’t fully understand how complicated it was to make sure the security and financial infrastructure worked right off the bat. The other interesting problem was consensus. We ended up implementing about 5 different consensus mechanisms, everything from Hashgraph. We implemented a version of Avalanche and broke it. Avi Felman You broke it? Illia Polosukhin Yeah. We have a blog post where we effectively broke the liveness of the Avalanche consensus at the time. Avi Felman Okay. Illia Polosukhin They’ve changed a lot of what they’re doing now. But with the original Avalanche paper, we had a way to effectively prevent liveness. It required very little—not even stake, just the number of computers in a network. We ended up building a lot of different consensus mechanisms, testing them, and breaking them. That’s when we started the Whiteboard Series. We have a YouTube series where we interview other blockchains— Avi Felman Okay. Illia Polosukhin —protocols. Our mindset was to ask the kinds of questions a very smart blockchain engineer would want to ask to understand why a protocol works. That also means we broke multiple protocols on the Whiteboard, on record. Avi Felman Can you name them? Illia Polosukhin The specific one that really doesn’t exist anymore is Loom. Avi Felman Right. I totally forgot about Loom. What a blast from the past. That thing—yeah. Illia Polosukhin We had Georgios, who’s CTO at Paradigm and Tempo now. He was working at Loom at the time, and we effectively broke their exit game on a Whiteboard. He was like, “Oh.” It’s a pretty fun episode. Avi Felman I’m going to have to check that out after. And so— Illia Polosukhin There are a lot of different ones. A lot of the ones we broke and interviewed don’t exist anymore. We helped fix some of them as well. We have a bounty for fixing Solana, too. Avi Felman Mm-hmm. Illia Polosukhin Yeah. Avi Felman That’s good. Illia Polosukhin So— Avi Felman It’s always good if a founder of a blockchain is able to break others, because hopefully that means they haven’t been able to break their own. Illia Polosukhin Exactly. Avi Felman And that’s good. But I want to talk about NEAR today. You said that you wanted it to be a consumer-friendly blockchain, right? I think sometimes, to me, that’s a little bit of an oxymoron, because you’re providing the infrastructure for other people to build applications, right? At the end of the day. Illia Polosukhin That was the core idea: we were going to build the infrastructure, but make it easy for applications to create a consumer-friendly experience. In 2019, we interviewed—I think our CRM had 300 crypto companies. That was probably all the crypto companies that existed at the time. We talked to them about user experience, developer experience, and the challenges they had. Everybody said onboarding was a problem. We actually tried it ourselves: here’s a new machine, buy a CryptoKitty. It took 92 steps and 12 hours. Avi Felman Yeah. Illia Polosukhin The drop-off rate was 99.99%, even if people wanted to do it. So what did we need to do to solve that? The wallet experience needed to be smoother, and onboarding needed to be smoother. You needed to have meta-transactions, so you didn’t need gas. You can build all of these things at the protocol layer to make it easy to build consumer-friendly applications. Avi Felman Is that where you are today? Where is NEAR today in terms of application usage? Illia Polosukhin That was the original thinking. I think we’ve really evolved since then, because a few conceptual things happened. One was the realization of what we now call chain abstraction. We made NEAR easy to use, but there are applications on other chains. It seems strange that we’d limit our users from using other applications. It’s like saying you can only use what’s hosted on AWS. I use this example: you watch a Netflix video, and then you want to watch another one, but it’s on a different server, so you need to pay in a different currency. Avi Felman That would be very annoying. Illia Polosukhin Yeah. So first, we had chain abstraction, and we built the chain abstraction stack. This is actually where NEAR Intents started to come in. From a broader perspective, what people want is just to achieve some outcome. Avi Felman Mm. Illia Polosukhin They want to say, “I want to earn this percentage in this Morpho vault,” or, “I want some Zcash,” or, “Move some Telegram USDT to TRON USDT and pay for some service.” That’s the high-level intent. We can talk about how this translates into AI and agents as well, but this is very hard and complicated. As soon as you touch multiple chains, it becomes super complicated. Avi Felman How is it different from LayerZero or a bridge? Or are you just building bridge infrastructure? Illia Polosukhin I think the main difference is in how users think about it. If you think of it as a bridge, then as a user you need to figure out, “I need to bridge, I need gas, I need a wallet, I need all these things.” We said, “Actually, you just describe the outcome, and our solvers—effectively, agents—will find the best way to do it.” Avi Felman Okay. Illia Polosukhin They may use LayerZero, Binance, Nasdaq, or whatever needs to be done to achieve your outcome. It’s really changing the model from a transactional one, where you prescribe how to execute an action, to one where you say, “I need this outcome. Execute. Make it work.” Avi Felman My mind doesn’t work in abstraction, so I need an example. Illia Polosukhin Yeah. Avi Felman When you say— Illia Polosukhin Well— Avi Felman —you describe it to your solvers— Illia Polosukhin Yeah. Avi Felman Who’s describing it, and what are you describing? Illia Polosukhin As a user, I want 10 ZEC in this shielded address that I have. I have Solana USDC, and a solver can come in and say, “Cool, I’ll figure out how to get it to you.” Avi Felman But you’re going to a website, you’re doing— Illia Polosukhin That’s where we first built the infrastructure to do this. We plugged it into Zengo Wallet, Trust Wallet, Ledger Live, MetaMask, and all of these places. A lot of the current wallets, when you’re doing trades, swaps, and bridging, are actually using NEAR Intents underneath. Avi Felman Okay. Illia Polosukhin At the beginning of this year, in February at NEARCON, we launched our own product called near.com. Coming back to consumer-friendly experiences, we waited for somebody to build one and eventually decided to build our own. Avi Felman Okay. Illia Polosukhin Now you can go to near.com and log in with Face ID or your fingerprint. You can hold all your assets across Bitcoin and Zcash in one place, with no gas fees, multiple wallets, or addresses. You can pay, swap, hold stocks, trade perps, and earn, all in one place. Importantly, everything is private. That’s another transition we’ve made. Avi Felman How is it private? How did you— Illia Polosukhin We launched a private shard of NEAR. It runs inside secure enclaves, meaning there’s no way to physically access what’s happening there. You send encrypted transactions into it; it decrypts them inside, executes them, and there’s a way to query your state through the front end. The benefit is that we can have privacy in motion: you can make payments, trade equities, and easily pay out to a TRON, Solana, Base, or Ethereum address when you need to. It’s connected to every other ecosystem in an easy way. Now you have a consumer-friendly, fully chain-abstracted wallet. There’s no switching networks, adding RPC endpoints, or topping up gas. None of that exists. It’s a smooth, fully on-chain consumer experience. Avi Felman How much volume are you running through this now? Illia Polosukhin We’re doing about $4 billion a month in NEAR Intents overall, and near.com accounts for about 10% to 20% of that, depending on the week. Avi Felman And of that $4 billion, how much is being generated in fees for the NEAR blockchain? What impact does that have on the NEAR token itself? Illia Polosukhin The protocol takes a fee. It depends on the assets: you don’t take as much on stablecoins, while some assets have a higher fee. That all gets converted into NEAR. Avi Felman So it gets converted—it’s sold into NEAR, so that volume eventually translates into buy pressure for NEAR? Illia Polosukhin Correct. Avi Felman Do you know how much NEAR has been bought to date through that? Illia Polosukhin There’s a revenue.near.org dashboard that shows— Avi Felman Okay. We’ll take a look. Illia Polosukhin Yeah. I mean, effectively, last week— Avi Felman We’ll put the number right here. Illia Polosukhin Yeah, let’s do that. Avi Felman Editing post is magic. Illia Polosukhin Exactly. We’ve seen massive growth in both revenue and our take rate on volume as we build more products. Perps are growing too, and we take a percentage of the perp fees and use it to buy back NEAR. It’s the same for Earn. Every product effectively generates revenue and buys back NEAR. Avi Felman It sounds to me, though, like NEAR has gone from being a blockchain to almost a fintech app. Illia Polosukhin The way I think of NEAR is as a vertically integrated stack for the AI and blockchain future. We didn’t touch on AI, right? Avi Felman No. Well, yeah, we— Illia Polosukhin We’ve been building out the fintech side, but at the same time, we’ve launched—or relaunched—NEAR AI. The thesis is that AI is a front end and blockchain is a back end. Avi Felman Mm-hmm. Illia Polosukhin More specifically, your AI agent is going to be the front end, and the market’s infrastructure is going to be the back end. As we spend more and more time with our agents, those agents don’t really communicate with each other or transact with each other. But if they could create a universal market, they could say, “I need to book this room,” or, “Let’s deliver 50 tons of steel to the Port of LA because we need to produce something.” That’s effectively an intent. The intent can then find a counterparty agent that will execute it. You need money in escrow to execute this, and you need a way to resolve disputes. It’s effectively the same infrastructure we’ve been building for cross-chain, but generalized to all kinds of commerce and actual business transactions, with a total addressable market of $20 trillion to $50 trillion a year. That’s really where we’re going. It starts as fintech because that’s the easiest thing for us to verify, plan, and transact. We already have an agent market where you can have agents transact with each other. It starts with digital work because that’s easier to verify, too. We have private AI to back it up, so you don’t leak all this information when you hire another agent. If that agent runs on somebody else’s machine, they could get all your private information: what you’re doing, who you’re trading with, and what information you’re sending. So you need private AI to verify it as well. We also have an AI inference business running. Avi Felman Is that similar to Venice? Illia Polosukhin Venice is using us for its end-to-end encrypted mode. Avi Felman Venice is using— Illia Polosukhin Yeah. Brave also has an agent, and they’re using us as an option. Other companies, including robotics companies, are using us on the back end to power their AI inference and agents. We’re going to launch your financial AI agent in the near.com consumer product, which is fully private and operates on top of your existing assets. Avi Felman One thing I always struggle with is the concept of AI × blockchain. What does that even mean? When I think about it, if you give an AI agent access to a private key for an Ethereum wallet and ask it to perform certain actions, it should be able to do that regardless of the underlying blockchain infrastructure. That’s more on the AI side than the blockchain side. These agents are capable of doing basically anything you want them to do on a computer. So what I’m struggling with is, why are people talking about AI × blockchain? Is it not just a matter of getting blockchains integrated everywhere? Every hotel will have a wallet, every person will have a wallet. Why is there this overlap? What makes it so interesting? Illia Polosukhin There are 2 sides to this. One is decentralized privacy and verifiability. If your AI consumption still goes through OpenAI, OpenAI can effectively respond to you with arbitrary stuff. Your agent—this is happening right now. If you’re using routers and maybe free models, especially, but also some actual providers, there’s no guarantee they’ll respond to you with a real model response. Avi Felman As opposed to a fake model response? Illia Polosukhin They can use a smaller or quantized model, or they can insert completely fake output. For example, they can run an arbitrary Bash command, give a tool output back saying, “Run this Bash command,” and that command infects your machine with a virus. Avi Felman Hmm. Illia Polosukhin —and steals all your private keys, for example. Avi Felman Okay. Avi Felman That wouldn’t be great, but you would assume OpenAI would have safeguards against that. Illia Polosukhin But it’s not on OpenAI’s side. This is on your agent’s side. Avi Felman Right. Okay, understood. Illia Polosukhin If you’re running, let’s say, Hermes, and you point it at some API endpoint, you have no idea what’s running behind it. Avi Felman I see where you’re going. Illia Polosukhin This is where the verifiability of blockchain technology is very useful. You want to know exactly what’s running there, and that’s what Near ID provides. Near ID provides full provenance: exactly which GPU it was run on, with the exact software, the exact model hash, and the exact software hash. You get a full signature on everything you run, as well as on all the nodes that routed your traffic. Avi Felman Mm-hmm. Illia Polosukhin This is full end-to-end verifiability and privacy, so you get both in one. That’s one aspect where blockchain technology is really useful. You can also decentralize GPUs, because it’s been really hard to get access to them. Avi Felman Right. Illia Polosukhin You want them everywhere. The second part is markets. The way the compute market works right now is like, “Hey, you’ve got some GPUs. What about in 2 months? Can you give me a better price?” “I have a better price from this guy.” Blockchain is extremely useful here because it opens up a market for something that’s very liquid but kind of hard to move. That’s another aspect of blockchain and AI. Finally, the third one is agent commerce. Yes, you can give a private key to your agent and it can do transactions. You probably should not do that. Avi Felman Right. Illia Polosukhin On top of what I just described—how to attack your agent through an AI endpoint—there are also ways to attack your agent by having it browse the internet and read news. We have an attack bench for exactly this. Avi Felman By being hooked up to conference Wi-Fi as well. Illia Polosukhin Yeah. Well, that’s a whole separate thing. Unencrypted Wi-Fi is— Avi Felman But that’s fair. I do want to understand a little bit. There was recently some concern over security. There was a recent hack that I want to give you some time to address. Basically, what happened? Illia Polosukhin Yeah. Let me finish on the generic stuff, and then we can talk about the hack and other things. Agent commerce is critical, I think. Avi Felman Mm. Illia Polosukhin You can do a lot of commerce without blockchain. You can still wire money with bank accounts and do transactions. But especially when we talk about actual business commerce, there’s no trust. That’s why we have long legal agreements between businesses, lawyers involved, and lots of back-and-forth redlining. Businesses don’t actually trust each other when they do transactions. Avi Felman Yeah. Illia Polosukhin This is where blockchain is great, because you can have money in escrow, you can have derivative contracts, and you can do all kinds of interesting things to create smooth economic transactions. You can remove a lot of the throttling that this lack of trust creates through legal systems, and have a faster money economy. AI can be the front end—the negotiation, finding the partner—and blockchain can be the rails, the back end, the markets to execute those business transactions. This is where I think $20–$40 trillion of the actual economy comes on-chain with AI. That’s the opportunity. It’s not consumers getting their agents to buy groceries. That’s not much of an improvement, and that part is already super optimized for the consumer experience. It’s actual business-to-business commerce relationships. That’s why everyone’s talking about AI, blockchain, and agent commerce: that’s the big pie to crack, and how we’re actually going to bring the economy on-chain. Avi Felman Mm-hmm. Illia Polosukhin Now, fast-forward to last week. Because NEAR Intents is processing so much volume, and a lot of it is cross-chain, we’re continuously under scrutiny from malicious actors trying to launder money through NEAR Intents. It started with the Bitget hack, where North Korea was effectively trying to move money around. We have a system called Shield that’s actively scanning for outliers and trying to figure out if something is going wrong, both on NEAR and on other chains. We’re trying to stop liquidity from going through our systems if we think it’s coming from hacks or other things. Bybit was in the news, and then, as part of this, there was an attack on NEAR itself. One of the bridges—a link we have to BSC specifically—was exploited for $3.8 million. They were able to withdraw the funds by continuously routing things. Shield detected it, we paused it, and we were able to patch it. We got all the systems back online within an hour. Because we have this Shield system that ingests a lot of data, the team was able to investigate and cross-link the attack to the person who executed it. We were able to communicate, “Hey, return the money.” Avi Felman Oh, so you found them? Illia Polosukhin We found them, and we got all the money back. So, 100% recovery. They apologized on-chain as well. Avi Felman They apologized? Illia Polosukhin Yes. There was a very apologetic message saying, “Use bug bounties when you find vulnerabilities.” Avi Felman Interesting. But the link you had with BSC is something that was built by your engineers? Illia Polosukhin This specific link is from one of the ecosystem projects we’re using. We have a lot of chain integrations, so we’re using a few different partners to do this. This was one of the partner chains. The link itself wasn’t tested to the level it should have been. As a lesson from this—and something we were already working on, but are accelerating now—we’re formally verifying the whole infrastructure. We’ve been working on this for months. Our formal verification system is number one right now on multiple benchmarks because we managed to decrease the cost of formal verification by 100x compared to using OpenAI, like Sol or Astra. We’re going to use this to formally verify not just every individual contract, but the whole system of contracts, because there are many involved. We’re going to publish more and more about that, as well as increase how we monitor and detect outliers. Avi Felman Okay, understood. I also want to get a sense of—You’ve laid out this picture of a massive market to capture with agentic commerce, and I think a lot of people are interested right now in the financial infrastructure being built. But one thing we’ve learned in crypto is that it’s not enough to have good technology. You have to have a go-to-market strategy, good partnerships, and bring people into the tent. What’s your plan for making sure that happens? There are projects built by Turing Award winners that didn’t really go anywhere because they didn’t manage to get people on the same side as them. Do you have any partnerships coming up? Any tactics? What are you thinking? Illia Polosukhin Broadly, there are a few different layers to this. One is that NEAR Intents has already been partnering with everyone in the crypto space. Avi Felman Mm-hmm. Illia Polosukhin As I said, it’s in Trust Wallet and Ledger, and we’re working with LI.FI and SwapKit, as well as a lot of applications. The Shield system we’re building is also partnering with Binance and ZeroShadow. At every layer, we have a lot of partners who are either contributing to us or working with us to create this system. Illia Polosukhin We also generally approach this sales-first. We try to find customers or design partners to build a product before— Avi Felman Mm-hmm. Illia Polosukhin —we actually go and build a spaceship in a vacuum. For the agent specifically, we've been building this by partnering with non-crypto, non-AI companies. For example, in the agent market, as I said, the first use cases are digital work. One interesting use case has been event companies that want to offer their services digitally, for example, to find venues for events. Avi Felman Okay. Illia Polosukhin They have an internal database with lots of venues and— Avi Felman And which company is this? Illia Polosukhin Well, one of them using it to offer their services is Philosophia. Avi Felman Okay. Illia Polosukhin They've been doing events across Web3 and more traditional tech. They put not just their database, but a database plus an agent that you can ask, “Hey, I need to organize a side event in Singapore around TOKEN2049 for 50 people, institutional.” And it’s like, “Okay. Well, here are a few venues that might be interesting.” That’s because it leverages their internal database that they’ve collected over the years. Normally, you’d need to email them and have someone scan through this database— Avi Felman Right. Illia Polosukhin —and do this. Now you have an agent doing it, and you charge per outcome, for actually booking that venue— Avi Felman Right. Illia Polosukhin —for this. So this is a specific example of turning something that traditionally was a very manual commercial relationship into a fully automated agent market. Avi Felman As we’re wrapping up, what are you most excited about in the next month, 3 months, 6 months? What are you excited to show the world that you’ve built? Illia Polosukhin NEAR.com has been extremely exciting because, as we’re adding more and more products, it’s becoming a core fintech. We’re going to be launching a financial agent on top of it that you can tell your strategy or set of actions to, and it’ll translate them into actual transactions, with security guarantees. You have a policy that controls the agent so it doesn’t try to put all your money into meme coins. Avi Felman Although maybe that’s good, but— Illia Polosukhin Well, if you want that, you can approve it as well, right? Avi Felman Right. Illia Polosukhin There’s an approval process and a policy engine that allows the agent to operate within a policy. If it wants to go outside of it, it needs your approval, and there’s an explicit system. Instead of just giving it your private key and letting it use all your money, it operates within this policy. It’s the same as if you hire someone to manage money: you’re not just going to give them all the money right away. Avi Felman Of course. Illia Polosukhin You’re going to give them some set of restrictions first, and then they need to ask for approval. So it’s the same idea, built directly into NEAR.com, and it’s also available for others to leverage in their products. It’s a developer product as well. That’s a big one. The agent market is starting to see more and more use cases where you’re paying for an outcome, for some direct action taken, ideally in the real world. This is a little bit longer term. As I said, moving the real economy, real GDP, on-chain. Avi Felman I’m super excited for that, and thank you so much for spending the time with me today. This was a very enlightening conversation. Illia Polosukhin Thank you for having me. Avi Felman And, no, this is great. Thanks, guys. Nothing said on the Thousand X podcast is a recommendation to buy or sell any investments or products. This podcast is for informational purposes only, and the views expressed by anyone on the show are solely their opinions, not financial advice, or necessarily the views of 1KX Media. Our hosts, guests, and the 1KX team may hold positions in the companies, funds, or projects discussed.